(First published in the Manawatu Standard, Nelson Mail and Taranaki Daily News, November 29.)
We New Zealanders are not very good at celebrating our unique and
turbulent history.
This was brought home to me last week when, during a trip through Taranaki,
I made a spur-of-the-moment decision to visit an historic site with a
connection to my family.
Te Ngutu o te Manu (“the beak of the bird”) was the scene of an attempt
by colonial forces to seize a fortified South Taranaki pa occupied by the formidable
Ngati Ruanui chief Titokowaru in 1868.
It didn’t go well for the colonials. A first attack was abandoned and four
soldiers were killed in the second skirmish. But Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas
MacDonnell, perhaps unwisely, persisted.
On the third attempt, MacDonnell and his 350 men were lured into a trap.
Although outnumbered six to one, Titokowaru’s defenders, many of them concealed
around the edge of a clearing in front of the pa, mowed the attackers down.
When the smoke cleared, 20 of the attacking force lay dead or dying.
They included the colourful Prussian adventurer Major Gustavus Von Tempsky, the
leader of an irregular force known as the Forest Rangers.
Among the wounded was my great-grandfather, John Flynn. Irish-born, he
was not a regular soldier but a member of the Taranaki Volunteers. Shot through
the left thigh, he was carried to safety by his comrades during an arduous
seven-hour retreat through the dense bush, harried every step of the way by
Titokowaru’s Hauhau warriors.
Flynn eventually made a full recovery and went on to spend many years
driving the mail coach that ran between Hawera and New Plymouth. Paradoxically
he got on well with local Maori and spoke the language.
Some might think it unwise to admit having a forebear who was, not to
put too fine a point on it, part of a military force whose job was to enforce the
seizure of Maori land, but I feel neither proud nor ashamed of my great-grandfather
and refuse to judge him. He was acting according to the prevailing values and
beliefs of his time, just as we are free to see the actions of that era through
a different lens.
The battle site is marked by a memorial listing the names of the dead
soldiers. There is no mention of the Maori casualties, confirming Winston
Churchill’s famous statement that history is written by the victors.
Although in this case Ngati Ruanui won the battle, their story is
invisible. The bigger war was ultimately won by the Crown, and part of the
reward was to lay exclusive claim to the account of what happened.
But what struck me most was that you can drive past the site of the Te
Ngutu o te Manu memorial and not know it exists. The stone cross stands in a
large grassy clearing surrounded by native bush, concealed from the road.
There’s no sign at the entrance, nor at the nearby turnoff, and there’s
nothing back on the main highway to indicate that you’re just five minutes’
drive away from a significant battleground. I found it only because I was given
precise directions by a helpful woman at the Hawera information office. (For the record, it's not much more than a stone's throw from the Kapuni natural gas treatment plant.)
The same is true of another historic Taranaki site. For most motorists speeding along the Surf Highway between New Plymouth and Opunake, the AA road sign marking
the turnoff to Mid Parihaka Rd would flash past in a blur. But it’s up this
quiet country road that 1600 troops invaded the pacifist Maori settlement of
Parihaka in 1881 and arrested community leaders Te Whiti-o-Rongomai and Tohu
Kakahi.
I have a family connection of sorts with Parihaka, too. My uncle, the left-wing
historian Dick Scott, published The
Parihaka Story in 1954 and followed it up with Ask That Mountain in 1975.
It’s fair to say that Dick brought the Parihaka affair to the attention
of a Pakeha public that had previously known nothing about the Parihaka
community’s campaign of non-violent resistance to European encroachment on
Maori land.
The story is pretty well known now, but there are no signs directing
travellers to the place where it unfolded. That may be the choice of today’s
Parihaka residents, since it’s still a functioning community and they probably
wouldn’t appreciate their rustic tranquility being disrupted by streams of cars.
Still, it strikes me as sad that we do so little to cultivate awareness
of our own fascinating history. It wouldn’t happen in Australia, where Ned
Kelly and the rebellious gold miners of the Eureka Stockade are feted in the
public memory, and where the former convict settlement of Port Arthur,
Tasmania, is a major tourist attraction.
It’s not just in Taranaki that historic sites are overlooked. I wonder
how many people drive past the obelisk commemorating the Battle of Orakau, near
Te Awamutu, without realising it’s where Rewi Maniapoto made his famously
defiant last stand in the Waikato Wars. And who notices the memorial marking the scene of the Battle of Boulcott's Farm, in which six soldiers were killed and two more died later from their wounds, in the heart of what is now Lower Hutt?
Is this, I wonder, another manifestation of the so-called cultural
cringe – the self-deprecating New Zealand conviction that nothing of interest
has ever happened here?
A very telling article, and so, so true.
ReplyDeleteOn Monday of this week I had the privilege to attend the memorial service for Major General Sandy Thomas. This was held in the Motueka RSA Hall. Sandy Thomas was a Riwaka man, and his ashes were returned to his home town. I mention this as Major General Thomas was a hero, and much respected in the military world where he had achieved much, and was accorded the highest military decorations from several countries. Why does New Zealand not take pride in a man such as this - likewise
Charlie Upham?
The Kaiapoia Pa (Near Woodend - Chch) is another. It was *the* greenstone trading pa.
ReplyDeleteI think people don't want reminding of the Maori wars because of the influence of post-colonial studies. It is all a rallying point for the left.
The post-migration experiences of an urbanised Maori emphasised the losses of colonialism — the loss of land, of culture, of language. In connecting with other colonised groups on an international stage, new strategies and political claims were made and a critical text of the moment was provided by Donna Awatere’s Maori Sovereignty. Here the arguments of Frantz Fanon about the nature of colonisation and what needs to be accomplished in the process of decolonisation are repeated, along with Gramscian notions of contesting “white”/pakeha hegemony. It challenged many — pakeha, unionists, feminists, Maori leaders — on their willingness to sustain a British colonialism and to consider what the alternatives might be. It remains one of the most widely read books of a decade that marked a new stage in domestic politics and which prefigured the significance that was to be subsequently given to treaty issues and to tangata whenua ambitions.
Nevertheless, the resolution of Treaty of Waitangi grievances along with the ambition to progress towards tino rangatiratanga are evident in a way that would have been inconceivable in this country in the 1960s. An important part of the resolution of treaty claims has been the revision of New Zealand history. A particular group from within the academy (broadly defined) and from the tangata whenua have helped rewrite how we should view this colonial history. And finally majority group members have been forced to respond to these developments and have done so in various ways.
Some mythical pakeha, Paul Spoonley